The Hobby of Running free essay sample

Running as a hobby is recommended because it is beneficial in helping to improve health, helps you to meet new people and is versatile and relatively inexpensive. Running is also a useful tool in reducing stress and provides other psychological benefits. Running is a relatively easy hobby to take up. Running requires no new skills. You can begin running at any age with many people over 40 taking their first running steps as they embark on the path to health and a new and exciting hobby. The cost to start running is low requiring only a good pair of running shoes and a supportive sports bra for women. No expensive equipment or gym membership is required to be a runner. You can run anywhere virtually year round. You can run almost any time of day or night that suits your preference. There are many social benefits from running. You can join a running club to meet new people, find a training partner, or simply to pick up running tips from others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hobby of Running or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Running with a buddy can help strengthen the bond of friendship as well as provide the safety aspect of running in pairs. If one runner gets sick or injured the second runner can assist. An attacker will be less likely to attack a pair of runners or a group of runners than a person running solo. Running clubs often host social runs and also serve as a team cheering squad during long runs. There are fundraising training groups such as the Arthritis Foundations Joints in Motion Training Team or the Leukemia and Lymphoma Societys Team In Training, which will train you to run a half or full marathon in exchange for fundraising efforts. Many organized races are fundraising events for local organizations such as schools and churches and national organizations such as Ronald McDonald House Charities, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children and Team RWB supporting America’s veterans. Not only will you be helping yourself with the gift of health but you will be supporting a great cause and helping others along the way with a portion of your entry fees being used for these charitable causes. Running for leisure can help you to improve your health in many ways. It reduces the risk of heart attack by lowering your blood pressure and raising good cholesterol. Running helps reduce the risk for osteoarthritis because it is considered to be a weight bearing exercise which helps to increase bone density. Recent studies also show that it also helps in the fight against osteoarthritis because it helps increase oxygen flow and flushes toxins out of the body. It is believed that the impact of running generates eight times your body weight as an impact on your joints and this is thought to increase the production of proteins in cartilage that makes your bones and joints stronger (Thomas, 2013). Running is a great method for helping you to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. Running helps burn calories in two ways; calorie expenditure during and immediately following the run and by building muscle. The calorie burn from running is approximately 600 calories per hour based on a six mile run at 10 minutes per mile. To calculate the total calorie burn for running use a calculation method of . 75 x your weight in pounds (lbs. ) (Burfoot, 2005) . Muscle built and maintained by running also helps in all day calorie burn. Muscle burns calories and fat does not therefore the more muscle mass you build the higher your metabolism will be and the more calories you will burn even at rest. Running is a great way to relieve stress and has been used by mental health experts to treat depression and addiction. Running for 20 to 30 minutes releases endorphins leading to a relaxed and peaceful feeling. Longer distance running increases the release of endorphins and can lead to what is known as the â€Å"runner’s high†, a feeling of euphoria which is also often associated with completing an endurance event such as a half or full marathon. Running allows you to use the time on the trail to clear your head and think about issues that you are struggling with. Often times the problems that seemed daunting before a run can seem smaller or non-existent afterwards. Speed running or completing a few sprints are healthy ways to release the emotional negativity that comes with anger and frustration as long as it is done safely. The positive energy from overcoming obstacles of completing a run in a certain amount of time or meeting the goal of completing a distance run can provide mental benefits of helping you to learn about your personal strength and mental focus. This new found self-confidence and knowledge about yourself can also be transferred to other areas of your life and help you cope with issues in a healthy way. Whether you are running to lose weight, running alone or with a group, running away from stress, no matter the reason, the road to better health begins when you decide to lace up a pair of shoes and put on foot in front of the other.

Factors Affecting Government Size

Factors Affecting Government Size An inclusive account of the enormous growth and transformation in the structure of government expenditure has eluded economists operating in public finance over time.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Factors Affecting Government Size specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This development is, partially, as a result of the extension of the voting franchise, which includes voters from the lesser tip of the income distribution. This paper scrutinizes this assertion by exploring how granting the poor the right to vote affects the size of government and the impact of decrease in real income on the same. The size of government is reliant on the â€Å"conventional demand for compulsion practiced under the majority rule, commonly supplied goods, provision of taxable exercises and the allocation of political power† (Tridimas Winer 2005, p.643). For instance, â€Å"the changes in tax that the Labour government has intro duced since 1997 have significantly redistributed income to the less well off† (Center for Economic Performance 2010; Sefton Hills 2009, p.13). Inequality would have been much higher otherwise. Democracy controls the demand for public expenditure by â€Å"giving the society a say† (Aidt et al. 2006, p. 250). Using money on social ventures such as â€Å"health and education is more constant than other spending types† (Aidt et al. 2006, p. 274). Therefore, spending on health and education should be the continuing product of the franchise expansion. Reinforcement of institutions to improve liability and transparency of those handling public finance will lessen â€Å"pressures to increase improper spending† (Akitoby et al. 2006, p.922). Ballot initiatives, in California, have â€Å"granted poor voters a direct say in public administration† (The Economist 2011, n. p.). However, they have made the government inferior, defending bits of expenditure, yet de clining to give taxes. A large progress in size of the regime exists due, in part, to the allowance of the voting permit, which adds â€Å"strained electors, mostly from the subordinate end of the revenue dissemination† (Meltzer Richard 1978, P. 113). The new moderate elector was poorer, found restructuring to be more profitable, and consequently chose larger regime.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their pragmatic inquiry, however, established other repercussions of their model for regime expenditure. Obviously, regimes do more than procedure welfare authorizations. They also offer services, such as â€Å"training, defense, public library and roads, which benefit all residents and result in this shift in the medium voter on the level of non- redistributive† (Shelton 2007, p. 2231). These services are affordable to the poorer people in the comm unity because the wealthy members of the public subsidize their intake. In Europe, the poor pay â€Å"almost no income taxes† (The Economist 2011, n. p.). Subsequently, as the voting permission expands to comprise lower-income persons, the lower price facing the new, poorer, average elector leads him or her to get away from isolated intake towards government amenities. This is consistent with Wagner’s law, since â€Å"both income inequity and political access influence social insurance† (Shelton 2007, p. 2236). Associating with this swap effect is an income consequence conversely in which the poor average elector demands scarcer regime services. Expenses on government amenities increase only if the resistance of substitution between government services and private goods surpasses the income elasticity for regime services or homogeneously, if the uncompensated price elasticity for regime services outdo the income elasticity. Most of these evaluations of the const raints from practical studies of the request for state and local services indicate that this condition is hard to realize, and the expected income elasticity typically â€Å"exceeds the expected price elasticity† (The Economist 2011, n. p.). Thus, the development of the elective permission cannot explain the evolution of spending on management amenities. In other words, as the franchisee extends to embrace more entities from the lowermost part of the income distribution, one expects disbursements on pure reallocation to rise. Unpredictable income and substitution effects for the establishment of non-redistributive expenses, nevertheless, cause the increase of the voting rights. Hence, the predictable income and price elasticity represent that allowing the poor to elect is not going to cause an upsurge, in spending on regime services.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Factors Affecting Government Size specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experimental suggestion on the connection between changes in the elective permit and the growth in government expenses is somewhat unpredictable. In a superficial scrutiny of the data, Peltzman (1980) finds out that â€Å"the total regime expenses do not heave following enlargements of the elective permit in Great Britain† (p. 210). He clinches that the statistics is a much unsophisticated decree of linking between suffrage and the size of the regime, but it advocates that the major deviations in the size of the regime have diminutive effect on the postponement of the permit. Voter involvement in a school budget does not have a constant impact on the scholastic spending in the study of 58 long Island school districts (Husted 1997, p. 77). Murrell (1985) uses a somewhat slighter sample of OECD nations and finds a noteworthy association between â€Å"elector turnout and the portion of public engagement and the share of public service in total en gagement† (p.426). Despite the lack of arithmetic support and undeniably the insufficient evidence to the contrary, the expansion of the voting franchises is an imperative factor in the growth of regime over the last several centuries. Pure Redistribution Model In Meltzer Richard (1978) framework of pure redeployment, each person gets the same lump-sum imbursement â€Å"with taxes that are comparative to income sponsors† (p.117). Few hours run as the tax rate increase, and subsequently, there is a tax rate that capitalizes on tax revenue and the large expenses. Those per the last human capital do not work and prefer this tax rate. For this toil, the proffered tax rate falls as human capital rises until one acquires the average human capital. Those with at least middling human capital lose from their redistributive activity and thus prefer a zero tax degree. The tax degree is indomitable in this model by the median elector, and as the average voter moves down the commun ity’s income distribution, the preferred tax and redistributive expenses rise. Furthermore, in Meltzer Richard (1978 ) Stone-Geary utility requirement, â€Å"welfare expenses are likely to upsurge as mean revenue rises with the ratio of the critical elector’s income to mean income held persistent† (p.119).Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This modest model of pure redeployment can be critiqued for relying on the conventions that do not precisely depict the prevailing tax/transfer suites. Transfer beneficiaries have revenue below the mean or average income echelons. Special Interest Group Model Welfare expenditure levels can be also explained by use of an interest group model founded on â€Å"the hypothetical model of Peltzman† (Husted 1997, p.68). According to the model, political leaders who are vote-maximizing weigh the votes obtained from the poor with those lost from added groups as elevated taxes are necessary for all the tax payers to gain substantial welfare. The mark of the income elasticity is indistinct in this framework. A government, which enfranchises another beneficiary population, lets the poor carry votes for positive legislation without gaining additional organizational charge. Median Voter Models based on Altruism or Social Insurance Furthermore, redistribution may be attained in a median vot er structure by supposing that altruism to the deprived entices the median elector, who does not receive welfare (or a distress over social turmoil or crime). The total poverty populace coverage and transfer benefit stages typically form altruism. In such chaste altruism frameworks, outlay on redistribution augments as the median voter’s income increases. Therefore, a drop in the income of the median voter should â€Å"decrease welfare costs because of enfranchising the deprived† (Hillman 2009, p. 87). Government Services Model Lovell employs definite utility functions in order to establish whether the height of government services favored by a community’s poorer residents is â€Å"larger than that favored by its richer population† (Husted 1997, p.62). As we descend a society’s income circulation, â€Å"the relative cost of government services PG (Mi/Mm) drops bringing about a switch toward extra regime services† (Husted 1997, p.68). In cont rast, the poorer residents are worse off and stress less service from the government. The poor require extra government services when the substitute subdues the income effect. This happens if the elasticity of substitution is larger than the income suppleness for the government amenities amid private consumption and government services. Equally, the poor require extra government services when the income elasticity is less than the uncompensated price flexibility for the regime amenities. Therefore, an increase of the voting franchise, which includes voters from the lower part of the income allocation, will outcome â€Å"a large use on government services just when price flexibility surpasses its income elasticity† (Durevall Henrekson 2011, p.718). The Political Model of Government Size Meltzer Richard (1978) explain a â€Å"tightfisted general symmetry model of regime size† (p.111). In this dogmatic economy, the decisive individual regulates the level of the regime a nd income redeployment subject to a comparative income tax. The model envisages that â€Å"growth in income inequality will upsurge the petition for government scope and redeployment in egalitarianism† (Husted 1997, 79). Hence, democracy rule shifts the size of a labor economy distinguished by the share of redistributed income. Electors realistically anticipate the enticement effects of taxation on the labor-leisure adoptions of their related citizens and â€Å"take conclusion into account when balloting† (Stewart 2010, p. 54). The share of received income reallocated depends on the elective rule and the circulation of efficiency in the economy. Under popular rule, the proportion tax share equilibrium is the budget, which pays for the electors’ choice. The main reasons for improved size of regime revealed by the model are postponements of the permit, which change the locus of the decisive elector in the income dissemination and changes, in comparative efficiency . An increase in loathsome income comparative to the income of the significant elector increases the size of regime. Conversely, a reduction in mean income comparative to the income of the significant elector decreases the size of regime. Latest hypothetical and experimental work puts forward that the liberality of welfare benefits and public goods provision are less in culturally and ethnically varied authorities. Frameworks that are specific to civic education propose a similar result. Regarding income, increasing income disparity may support a battle of the ends in opposition to the middle, â€Å"where European families with high income could avoid public services in favor of the private segment, and poorer income groups prefer much private expenditure and lesser taxes over investments in public services† (The Economist 2011, n.p.). Consequently, forces at the tips of the income allocation may decrease support for public services in economically varied residents. In diverg ence, rising income inequality may have unexpected effects on native public product establishment. In a simple elective model, rising remuneration difference decreases the tax price of public goods to the average voter at the top of the distribution, thereby motivating great spending on government amenities. Some of the possible negative concerns of rising social dissimilarity may be offset, by local regime’s capability, to raise extra funds from rising incomes at the top of the distribution. Conversely, the long-term expenses of such a transmission are perceptibly unrelated. In conclusion, the development of the voting franchise to contain poor residents is a reasonable elucidation for the expansion of government. A close assessment of the hypothesis helps to clarify why there is an insufficient support for the premise that increases the franchise outcomes in elevated total spending. An increase in loathsome income relative to the income of the significant voter increases th e size of regime. Conversely, a reduction in mean income relative to the income of the significant voter decreases the size of regime. There is strong backing for the estimation of social insurance, the interest group and pure redistribution models. Thus, the welfare costs increase as political control moves to a nation’s poor citizens from the richer citizens. In a framework of the demand for the public services, enfranchising the deprived outcomes occurs in a large non welfare government spending if the income elasticity is lesser than the pricing flexibility. References Aidt, TS, Dutta, J Loukoianova, E 2006, ‘Democracy comes to Europe: Franchise extension and fiscal outcomes 1830–1938’, European Economic Review, vol. 50, pp. 249–283. Akitoby, B, Clements, B, Gupta, S Inchauste, G 2006, ‘Public spending, voracity, and Wagners law in developing countries’, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 22, pp.908–924. Center for Economic Performance 2010, Election analysis: inequality still higher but Labour’s policy kept it down. London: The London School of Politics and Economic Science. Durevall, D Henrekson, M 2011, ‘The futile quest for a grand explanation of long-run government expenditure’, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 95, pp. 708–722. Hillman, A 2009, Public finance and public policy: responsibilities and limitations of government, 2nd edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Husted, TA 1997, ‘The effect of the expansion of voting franchise on the size of government’, Journal of Political Economy, vol.105, pp. 54-82. Meltzer, AH Richard, SF 1978, ‘Why government grows and grows in a democracy’, Public Interest, vol.52, pp. 111-118. Murrell, P 1985, ‘The size of public employment: an empirical study’, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.9, pp.424-437. Peltzman, S 1980, ‘Toward a more general theory of regulation†™, Journal of Law and Economics, vol.23, pp.209-287. Sefton Hills TJ 2009, Towards a more equal society: poverty, inequality and policy since 1997, London, Policy Press. Shelton, CA 2007, ‘The size and composition of government expenditure’, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 91, pp. 2230–2260. Stewart, M 2010, The national minimum wage after a decade, Mimeo, Warwick University. The Economist 2010, The growth of the state: leviathan stirs again. Web. The Economist 2011, California reelin: lessons from a place that combines most of the shortcomings of the modern Western state. Web. Tridimas, G Winer, S 2005, ‘The political economy of government size’, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 21, pp. 643–666.

Questions answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Questions answer - Essay Example In addition, the European press always presented war in a romantic analogy. Diplomacy was mainly tied to alliance systems between the central and the allied powers. The Central Powers comprised of Germany, Italy and Austro-Hungary while the allies included France, Britain and Russia (Shaara 8). In fact, according to the print media, warfare was a matter of nationalistic pride. This war was also facilitated by the ignorant nature of the citizens and their apathetic nature to foreign affairs. Additionally, the assassination of Franz Ferdinand beefed up the war in Europe. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand in the summer of 1914 led to the outbreak of the war which involved a Bosnian terrorist who was seeking Bosnian independence. In this period, the Europeans were eager to experience the war. Some of them were even willing to risk their life by fighting in the war. This is because most of the youths and students inculcated the spirit of patriotism and devotion to the state. There are some prominent individuals who influenced the citizens substantially in believing that the war encouraged togetherness in the country (Shaara 9). Question #2 In the 1920s, there was a great reaction in the world which was caused by the wars in the world. The Great War is also known as World War I. According to most individuals, the Great War was a unique war because it involved several countries. Further analysis also depicts that the Great War involved huge life losses. Approximately 10 million men were killed. In fact, the Great War differed from the expectations of the generals and the majority of the Europeans. Most individuals thought that the war would last a single winter. However, the war lasted for four years. The main reason why the Great War differed so much from the expectations of the generals and the Europeans was because; both the military and diplomatic plans of the political leaders had failed in Europe (Shaara 18). In addition, the technological innovations had cha nged the warfare at the battlefield. In this period, the introduction of machine guns, battleships and airplanes significantly affected the war both at sea and on land. The machine guns favored most of the defense schemes employed by countries. The airplanes were mostly utilized for the survey but, bombs were not used in the war. The main warfare took place in Northern France, Southeastern Europe and Russia. In these areas, most of the people who were killed were the men. This is because the individuals in the warzone were not able to predict the extensiveness of the war. This war also created a gulf between military and civilian populations (Shaara 10). Question #3 Total war was a military quarrel whereby numerous countries mobilized all the available resources in order to destroy the ability of other nations to participate in war. This practice of total war was significantly utilized in the 19th century. Total war was also recognized as a separate class of warfare. Research assert s that total war was mainly caused by industrialization. It is quite prevalent that World War I influenced the birth of total war in the industrial age. During this period, soldiers faced each other in battlegrounds that had become extremely lethal due to the advancement in warfare machinery. There was no war witnessed in history such as the First World War. The main reason why this war was significant as opposed to other wars was because it had a long-term effect on the industrial revolution. According to various

Discussion forum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion forum - Essay Example On the other hand, the car saves an individual from using public transport and effectively protecting them in the cold weather. Other than convenience, the car owner learns to become more responsible while maintaining the car, which subsequently extends to their personal life. I admire the attachment you have to your dog. Indeed, explaining the process under which you acquired her, saving all your earnings as a child, which is a mean feat, explains the bond that started when you saved the first coin or note. The responsibility you have for the dog further explains the strong bond. As a result, you have grown fond of her and she is fond of you too. This emphasizes a feeling of security in each other. You are secure she has got you, and she on the other hand is secure to have you. On the other hand, your family’s love and adoration of her makes her become and feel as part of the family. Such an attachment started in your childhood lives with us forever. It is also significant that, you have been with Candy in some important phases of your life. Hence, the powerful attachment you both have on each

Julian Assange and his impact on the communication processes and Essay

Julian Assange and his impact on the communication processes and politics - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Julian Assange was known only as an â€Å"Australian moderator of the Legal Aspects of Computer Crime mailing list and a researcher who has written extensively about hackers† in the beginning of this century, that is, before he became a controversial celebrity who all know of. This is why calling Julian Assange, a â€Å"cypherpunk revolutionary†, Robert Manne has said, â€Å"Less than twenty years ago Julian Assange was sleeping rough. Even a year ago hardly anyone knew his name. Today he is one of the best-known and most-respected human beings on earth†. The seemingly sudden rise to the fame of this Australian individual has a socio-political context and a corresponding history. The way his actions have impacted the communication processes and the politics in the globalized world is a topic that has international implications. The geopolitics of his physical location to the ideological underpinnings of his intelle ctual landscape that he has extended to others through the internet represents a whole new world of possibilities- in communication, freedom, and democracy. Julian Assange has been a hacker since when the first generation of computer hackers started rewriting the laws of internet communication. In the book, Underground, written by Suelette Dreyfus, and for which Assange worked as a researcher, a hacker named Mendax was featured and this hacker really was none other than Assange himself. (Manne, 2011a, p.197). It was in 1988, that Assange became a hacker (Manne, 2011a, p.197). He formed a group called International Subversives along with two other hackers (Manne, 2011a, p.197). Dreyfus (2006-07) had described the politics of this group as â€Å"fiercely anti-establishment; their motive adventure and intellectual curiosity; their strict ethic not to profit by their hacking or to harm the computers they entered† (as cited in Manne, 2011a, p.197). Assange was a member of the free software movement, he participated in the creation of NetBSD, an open source computer operating system, and got involved with a movement called cypherpunks in 1993 (Manne, 2011a, p.203-204). The idea of WikiLeaks had been borne out of this movement (Manne, 2011a, p.203). Among the cypherpunk group of hackers to which he belonged, Assange was somewhat an exception to others (who were anarcho-capitalists) by keeping a left leaning though he is an â€Å"anti-communist† (Manne, 2011a, p.211). The basic philosophy of cypherpunks was again the issue whether: The state would strangle individual freedom and privacy through its capacity of electronic surveillance or whether autonomous individuals would eventually undermine and even destroy the state through their deployment of electronic weapons newly at hand (Manne, 2011a, p.204). It was rumored that a 1989 attack that was carried out â€Å"from Australia on the NASA computer system via the introduction of what was called the WANK worm in an attempt to sabotage the Jupiter launch of the Galileo rocket as part of an action of anti-nuclear activists† was the work of Assange (Manne, 2011a, p.197). A programme written by Assange was named sycophant and it allowed his hacking group to hack into the US military systems (Manne, 2011a, p.197). It was when his group hacked into the Canadian telecommunications corporation NORTEL, that his hacking was found out for the first time (Manne, 2011a, p.197). In the police action that followed, Assange was arrested in a totally devastated state of mind and admitted to a hospital (Manne, 2011a, p.198). Manne (2011a) has observed that this arrest and the time spent in jail was what shaped his politics (p.198). Suburbia Public Access Network was the next war front that Assange opened (Manne, 2011a, p.200). It was a convergi ng point for many email lists and activist groups (manne, 2011a, p.200

Leadership Styles of Snowball and Napoleon in Orwells Animal Farm

Leadership Styles of Snowball and Napoleon in Orwells Animal Farm George Orwells classic tale of how the animals of Manor Farm start a rebellion against the humans is a satirical outlook on power play, politics and leadership. The two protagonists in the book are the pigs Snowball and Napoleon. This essay begins with attempts to study the distinctive leadership style of the two characters, how they were or were not able to hold their organization, the farm, together and move it towards the paths of success. It then critically analyzes the impact of these styles on organizational behavior and change. This is done by means of examples of various famous leaders and what their leadership did for the company. The essay details the requirement of a change leader and what he needs to do in general terms to ensure the change. The conclusion of the essay will try to bring in to focus the leadership style that is most favorable to change. George Orwells Animal Farm was published in 1945 during the time of The Second World War. The book is said to be a critic of Stalins rule in Russia. The political satire gives insight into two types of leadership the democratic Snowball and the narcissist Napoleon. They were both leaders of the revolution that happened at the farm in the beginning of the story. Napoleon is seen as the quite one who spoke rarely and only when absolutely required. Snowball on the other hand was a charmer and was able to capture the attention of the crowd with his words. He was full of new ideas to improve the way of life in the farm. Snowball and Napoleon come out with Seven Commandments for their Animal Farm once the humans are run out. The most important of these were all animals are equal (Orwell, 1945). Snowball was devoted to the commandments and encouraged the animals to follow it to the dot. He tries methods to improve the way the animals lived by starting various clubs and trying to teach the animals to read and write. Napoleon on the other hand just adopts a few pups and teaches them on private. No one in the farm knows what he is up to. A very important factor in their leadership of the farm was that they never agreed with each other. Whenever, Snowball came out with his elaborate schemes to improve farm life Napoleon stood against it. However, most of the time Snowball was able to win over the support of the animals with his charismatic personality and play with words. He was able to win them over with comforting talk and some amount of reasoning. He tried to get the animals involved in the decision making through a voting system and thus had a more participative approach to running the show. Napoleon on the other hand preferred to dictate and direct things. He was not good at getting the animals on his side with his talk. Hence after running Snowball out of the farm with the blood hounds he had trained and by lying to the animals he establishes himself as the leader. He uses another pig called Squealer to speak on his behalf and mislead the animals into believing that everything Snowball did was harmful. Squealer was also used to tell great tales about Napoleon. Napoleons autocratic style of leadership, with lies and tales leading the show, leaves the animals confused. However, they carry on with their work more ardently than ever. He is a narcissist who makes the animals work mainly for his own benefit. When a comparison is made between the kinds of leadership the two pigs portrayed big differences can be easily noticed. Snowball came out with good ideas but always presented it to the group for vote. He sells it to the group with his speeches. When one considers Blanchards leadership theory, Snowball will fall under the selling/consultative leadership style. He could also be called a transformational leader. According to Burns a transformational leader is one who is able to raise the entire group, including himself, into higher levels of morality, motivation and motives (Gill, 2006). That is exactly what Snowball did. He raised the motivational level of the farm animals with his inspiring speeches and led them to work and fight for liberty and the betterment of the farm in which he too actively participated. However, Snowball lacked muscle power. Napoleon with the strength of his dogs and a string of lies were able to overthrow Snowball. He clearly portrayed an autocratic and narcis sist style of leadership. He was corrupt and with false pretenses he forced his decisions on the group. There was no voting or any suggestions taken from the animals. They were led to believe that everything that was happening was for their own good and made to do double work with lesser pay. Everything he did finally ended up in benefiting him and his gang of pigs and not the other animals of the farm. Though dictatorial and ruthless, Napoleon can be described as a transactional leader as well. Transactional leaders are considerably autocratic in their approach and do not believe in consulting with the staff to come to a decision. They define tasks and job profiles and reward workers on a contingent level. As such they are generally able to get compliance out of the staff but never commitment to the cause. Such leaders are able to bring about stability, just as Napoleon did, but cannot instigate the change that the organization actually requires (Daft, 2010). Which of the above mentioned leadership style is the key to bringing about change in the organization? Most management thinkers are of the opinion that real change in an organization is brought about by a transformational leader. This is the reason organizations actually employ people who are known for their transformational capabilities in leadership positions when it comes into a crisis and requires a total change to happen. Locke says that leaders are in one way or the other transactional in nature (Locke, 1999). This many not be always right. There are many leaders who are unable to achieve even the transactional level of leadership. The real difference as stated by Bass (2008) is that the transformational leader does a lot more he ensures that the employees feel the need to work not just for the short term benefits of the company, but also towards the long term goals that could change the very face of the organization. The leader is thus able to lead them towards higher levels of success not only for the organization but also for themselves (Orwells Snowball). But Basss view tends to state that transformational leaders are always successful. Clegg et al (2002) says that this is not the case always. They quote a research in their book which states that context also plays a big role in success (Clegg et al, 2002). This is quite true, yet it can be said that transformational leaders run the extra mile to bring the context in as well. A transactional leaders importance in the companys success cannot be undermined. He is ideal for maintaining the status quo and leading the company in its present state. Basss point that a transactional leader works with a focus on his self interest (Orwells Napoleon) and tries to make people work with contingent rewards than unconditional rewards is correct (Bass and Bass, 2008). He is more authoritarian in nature. This can be seen in the example of American Axles leader Dick Dauch. He was an authoritarian leader who bordered on narcissism. He was more interested in securing his and his familys future. Though successful, his leadership focused on mainly one area of business and hence when there was a shift in the market condition the company was quite unprepared (Fortune, 2008). There are other examples of leaders who are leading successful enterprises, but not always in the paths of glory. United Parcel Service has a leadership pattern that is transactional in nature. The leaders a t UPS aim at maintaining status quo and prefer for things to work they want. They employ an authoritative style to direct and get work done by the workers (Pride et al, 2010). Jim Donald, the former CEO of Starbucks, was not able to create any ripples. He tried to maintain status quo. His attempts to improve the companys fortunes failed and he was sacked by the company. Howard Shultz, the companys original transformational leader, stepped in and took reins to turn back the fortunes of the company (Fortune, 2011). An autocratic leader is quite similar to a transactional leader; however autocracy does bring in short term changes. Even though their style is demanding, bordering on dictatorship, and is known to cause resentment among the workers, it cannot be said that they lead failing enterprises. For example, Bobby Knight, the basketball coach of Texas Tech is known to be harsh and demanding to the team members and this includes allegations of choking a player (Harvard Business Review, 2008). He still leads a winning team. However their ability to manage change and adversity is questionable. For example, Stan ONeal, the former CEO of Merrill Lynch, always had an autocratic approach to managing the show. He was quite ruthless and eliminated executives who were a threat to him. However, his style was able to withstand only the good times. The moment there was a problem in the company he did not know what to do and how to bring about a turn around. He was later pushed out of his position by a hos tile vote by the board of directors (Fortune 2010). The problem with such leadership is that it is not sympathetic towards change and for an organization to move forwards change is a very critical factor. This is where a transformational leader comes in. According to Bass and Riggo (2006), their main aim is company greatness as against their own and for this they are ready to take risks (Bass and Riggio, 2006). The following are the points gathered from various sources as what transformational leaders do to bring about change in the organization: Talk to the people and inspire them to work towards change and a collective vision (Lussier and Achua, 2010). Make the employees question the current status of the organization and ask themselves what they can do to improve it. Encourage innovation and distinctive thinking. Give special attention to the performance at the individual, group and corporate level. A careful integration of all three is required for bringing about transformation. Come forward and take the reins in a crisis with the intention of saving the organization and not for the self achievement. Ensure that the change is instilled into the core of the organization so as to last. Based on these things he does to achieve change in the organization the important variables associated with such a leader can be charted out. They are: Positive Influence Transformational leaders are positive influences on the group they are leading. Bass and Riggo (2006) in their book Transformation Leadership refers to this as idealized influence (Bass and Riggio, 2006). It means that the leader inspires the people in the organization to copy him in their work habits and emotions. He becomes their role model and they follow him in making the organization great. Motivational Influence Transformational leaders motivate the people to achieve greatness at the individual level as well as the corporate level. They motivate them to take risks and work ardently towards change in the organization. Intellectual Influence It is very essential to be intellectually stimulated to bring about innovative ideas and thus change. Beerel (2009) is right in stating that transformational leader intellectually stimulates the people in the organization by questioning the status quo and by looking at problems from different angles to come up with different solutions that the obvious (Beerel, 2009). Thoughtful Influence A leader who brings about change in the organization is generally considerate towards the feeling, capabilities and capacities of others. The people in an organization led by a transformational leader feel that they are cared for and considered as separate entities than a collective means to achieve a goal. This in turn influences them to worker harder towards change. A few good examples of transformational leaders would clarify further the claims of many writers of how they affect change in a organization. Steve Rizley of Cox Communications, Arizona, took over the company when it was running losses for more than three years. He was pivotal in transforming the company into one of profit and growth. By encouraging the people to grow professionally as well as emotionally and intellectually, Rizley was able to convert the $700 million company into $1.3 billion in a little over two years since taking over (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2010). Yet another example is Proctor Gambles CEO, A. G. Lafley. Though he met with failure in the beginning he trudged on and led P G in to one of the most successful enterprises today (Harvard Business Review, 2011). Jack Welch reigned as CEO of General Motors (GM) for almost twenty years. During his tenure he set in the path to success and glory. Welch set a new corporate paradigm for GE that not only assured its success but that became a model for the world over. He is known to spend hours with his managers, cajoling them, coaching them and questioning them so that they think bigger and more differently (Business Week, 1998). It is quite obvious that transformational leaders are ideal for bringing about change in the organization. They are able to bring out the best in the employees and shine light in to new and improved ways to conduct business. They are able to ensure long term commitment to the betterment of the organization from others leading the way to greatness. All transformational leaders are transactional. But the same cannot be said about transactional leaders. Their lack of ability to adapt or change is a big hurdle in achieving greatness for the organization they work for. The company itself may be flourishing but at a status quo position with no real innovation happening. Autocracy and narcissism does result in change but these are short lived and there is no long lasting change happening in the organization other than what may be beneficial to the leader himself. Napoleon of Animal Farm was able to bring about small changes in the farm, however, in the end the benefits of these changes were only to him and to his fellow pigs. The other animals in the farm were more or less the same as before if not worse. This is quite so in the real world as well. Snowball was a visionary and more in line of transformation. However, he did not have the muscle power to bring in the transformation required. A transformational leader is able to face all kinds of adversities and lead the company to a path of glory. It is he who revolutionizes the people and the organization. Resources Bass Bernard M and Riggio Ronald E. (2006), Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Bass Bernard M with Ruth Bass (2008), The Bass Handbook of Leadership, Free Press. Beerel Annabel (2009), Leadership and Change Management, Sage Publications Ltd. Byrne John A. (1998), How Jack Welch Runs GE, Business Week, June 1998, Available at Clegg Stewart, hardy Cynthia and Nord Walter R. (2002), Handbook of Organizational Studies, Sage Publications Ltd. Daft Richard (2010), Management, South Western Cengage Learning Dillon Karen (2011), I think of my failure as a gift, Harvard Business Review, April 2011, Available at http://hbr.org/2011/04/i-think-of-my-failures-as-a-gift/es Farrell Greg (2010), Crash of the Titans The Rise and Fall of Stan ONeal, Fortune, November 4th 2010, Available at http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2010/11/04/crash-of-the-titans-the-fall-of-merrill-lynch/ Fisher Anne (2011), How Starbucks Got its Groove Back, Fortune, March 24th 2011, Available at http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/24/how-starbucks-got-its-groove-back/ Gill Roger (2006), Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publications Ltd. Locke Edwin A. (1999), The Essence of Leadership The Four Keys to Leading Successfully, Lexington Books. Lussier Robert N. and Achua Christopher H. (2010), Leadership : Theory, Application and Skill Development, South Western Cengage Learning. Orwell George (1945), Animal Farm A Fairy Story, Penguin Books. Pride William M, Hughes Robert J., Kapoor Jack R. (2010), Business, South Western Cengage Learning. Snook Scott A (2008), Love and Fear and the Modern Boss, Harvard Business Review, January 2008, Available at http://hbr.org/2008/01/love-and-fear-and-the-modern-boss/ar/1 Stevens Cleave Dr. (2010), What Employees Need from Leaders, as posted on Harvard Business Review on 6th May, 2010, Bloomberg Businessweek, 7th May, 2010, available at http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/may2010/ca2010057_172171.htm Taylor Alex (2008), Narcissism, Nepotism and Greed at American Axle, Fortune, July 2nd 2008, Available at http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/02/news/companies/taylor_americanaxle.fortune/index.htm

Abortion is Moral :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion is Moral      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the question of abortion being moral, the answer is clearly that terminating a fetus' life under certain circumstances is not only moral, but it is also our responsibility to terminate it   if the quality of life is in question for the fetus.   A second major reason is that to declare abortion immoral   would mean that we would   have to consider the factor of   how the conception came about.   This cannot and should not be done.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quality is a major factor in the question of the morality of abortion. When parents decide to keep or not keep a baby the issue of adoption does not play into this.   The reason for this is that once the baby is born that the parents may change their mind if they want to keep it.   Parents must decide at the onset of the pregnancy to decide if they can in good conscience bring a child into the world, if the answer is yes, then people should proceed with the pregnancy and then determine whether they want to give the child up for adoption.   It is a parent's moral responsibility to make sure that the   environments which the child will be brought into will be healthy and supportive.   It is a far greater crime to treat a child poorly for eighteen years then it is to terminate a fetus that cannot think, feel or is aware of its existence.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the second point of making the way that conception occurred a non- factor I am not saying that having the babies of rapists or in cases of incest is okay.   Still, for the argument that abortion is immoral, you must argue that the action is immoral, not the child. The child cannot be either at this point. If we are then talking about the act of abortion then who is to determine right and wrong.   A court of law should have no place in this decision. The primary interests in this pregnancy should make the decision themselves.   This would normally be the parents of the fetus.   The action in the case of rape is defiantly immoral, but the fetus is not. To say that the abortion is moral